LPM FUM – Nahdlatul ‘Ulama (Kebangkitan ‘Ulama) lahir pada 16 Rajab 1344 H/ 31 Januari 1926 M sebagai reprensentatif dari ulama tradisionalis, dengan haluan ideologi Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah. Tokoh-tokoh yang ikut berperan diantaranya Hadratussyeikh K.H. M. Hasyim Asy’ari, K.H. Wahab Hasbullah, K.H. Bisri Syamsuri dan beberapa Ulama Jawa pada masa itu . Nahdlatul Ulama’ berasal dari Bahasa Arab yang artinya bangkit atau bergerak.
Organisasi ini dirintis para kiai, sebagai wadah untuk mempersatukan diri dan menyatukan langkah dalam tugas memelihara, melestarikan, mengembangkan dan mengamalkan ajaran Islam serta berkidmat kepada bangsa, dan negara. Nahdlatul Ulama merupakan organisasi terbesar di Indonesia, dan mempunyai peran strategis dalam membentuk struktur sosial yang ideal. Struktur organisasi Nahdlatul Ulama terdiri dari para kiai yang merupakan simbiosis ulama, kiai merupakan sentral figur dalam kehidupan masyarakat.
Menghadapi problem yang menghimpit masyarakat, seperti kemiskinan, kebodohan, imperialisme budaya dan kesewenang-wenangan penguasa, ulama harus tampil digarda depan. Sangat naif jika ulama hanya bertugas memberi contoh dalam ritual-ritual keagamaan semata. Sebab, esensi ibadah adalah mencakup dua dimensi, yaitu, dimensi ubudiyah, (hubungan individu dengan Tuhan) dan dimensi mu’amalah (hubungan manusia dengan manusia yang lain (sosial)). Jadi, keduanya harus berjalan secara simultan tanpa menyisihkan salah satunya. Menyisihkan salah satu dimensi, berarti suatu kepincangan dalam memahami nilai-nilai Tuhan. Ulama adalah pewaris nabi, warasatul anbiya’ wal mursalin, maka yang bertanggungjawab di garda depan dalam mengemban misi kenabian adalah para ulama.
Berdirinya Nahdlatul Ulama tak bisa dilepaskan dengan upaya mempertahankan ajaran Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah (Aswaja). Ajaran ini bersumber dari Al-Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma’(keputusan-keputusan para ulama’sebelumnya) dan Qiyas (kasus-kasus yang ada dalam cerita al-Qur’an dan Hadits). Seperti yang dikutip oleh Marijan dari K.H. Mustofa Bisri ada tiga substansi, yaitu:
(1). Dalam bidang-bidang hukum-hukum Islam menganut salah satu ajaran dari empat madzhab (Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’I, dan Hanbali), yang dalam praktiknya para Kiai NU menganut kuat Madzhab Syafi’i.
(2). Dalam soal tauhid (ketuhanan), menganut ajaran Imam Abu Hasan Al-Asy’ari dan Imam Abu Mansur Al-Maturidzi.
(3). Dalam bidang tasawuf, menganut dasar-dasar ajaran Imam Abu Qosim Al-Junaidi.
Sebelum didirikan Jam’iyah Nahdlatul Ulama pada tahun 1926. Hadratusdyeikh K.H. Hasyim As’yari tidak melarang santrinya seperti KH. Wahab Hasbullah untuk mengambil bagian dalam aktifitas-aktifitas sosial pendidikan dan keagamaan dari kelompok modernisasi Islam. Sampai wafatnya pendiri Muhamadiyah, K.H. Ahmad Dahlan, pada tahun 1923, pikiran-pikiran Islam modern dari gerakan Muhamadiyah belum meyentuh ideologi yang paling fundamental dari Islam tradisional.
Kala itu, wadah perdebatan yang paling utama dikalangan Ulama ialah organisasi Taswirul Afkar di Surabaya yang dipimpin langsung oleh K.H. Wahab Hasbullah, K.H. Mas Mansur dan tokoh-tokoh lainnya seperti K.H Hasyim Asy’ari, K.H. Bisri Syamsuri, Kiai Ridwan (Semarang), Kiai Nawawi (Pasuruan), dan Kiai Abdu Aziz (Surabaya). Dalam pertemuan itu diambil keputusan sebagai berikut:
Mengirim delegasi ke kongres dunia Islam di Makkah untuk memperjuangkan kepada Ibnu Saud agar hukum-hukum menurut Madzhab 4 (Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i dan Hanbali) mendapat perlindungan dan kebebasan dalam wilayah kekuasaannya.
Membentuk suatu jam’iyah bernama Nahdlatul Ulama (kebangkitan para ulama) yang bertujuan menegakkan berlakunya syari’at Islam yang berhaluan salah satu dari empat madzhab.
Akibatnya, para Kiai dan ulama yang dipimpin langsung oleh K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari melancarkan kritik-kritik yang keras kepada kaum Islam modern. Dan pada permulaan tahun 1926 membentuk Jami’yah Nahdlatul Ulama sebagai wadah perjuangan para pemimpin Islam tradisional. Pengaruh Nahdlatul Ulama yang besar di kalangan Kiai dan Ulama di Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah dan kaum awam. Sebagaimana dirumuskan dalan anggaran dasar Nahdlatul Ulama pada tahun 1927. Organisasi tersebut bertujuan memperkuat kesetiaan kaum muslimin pada salah satu dari madzhab 4 dan melakukan kegiatan kegiatan yang menguntungkan para anggotanya sesuai dengan ajaran-ajaran Islam.
Tepat pada 31 Januri 2021, Nahdlatul Ulama berusia 95 tahun dalam hitungan tahun masehi. Selama hampir satu abad tersebut, NU sejak awal kelahirannya hingga saat ini telah berhasil memberikan sumbangsih terhadap kehidupan beragama yang ramah di tengah kemajemukan bangsa Indonesia. Ditengan banyaknya organsasi keagaamaan yang beraliran radikal, keras dan menentang pemerintah dengan embel – embel mendirikan “Negara Khilafah”, NU tetap menjadi penenang dan berada pada posisi moderat (tengah – tengah) tidak condong ekstrem kearah barat maupun timur. NU mampu menghadapi zaman dan ideologinya tetap menjadi panutan ditengah kegusaran.
Penulis : Lilik Faizah
Editor : Rokhimatul Inayah
Penerbit : Tim media Ukm Lpm FUM
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